Sociology and definitions of sociologists
Sosiologi
A. Definition of Sociology
- AUGUSTE COMTE. Sociology is a discipline that is positive, namely studying the symptoms in society based on rational and scientific thinking.
- MAX WEBER. Sociology is the study of social action or human behavior
- EMILE DURKHEIM. Sociology is the study of social facts, namely facts or facts that contain ways of acting, ways of thinking and ways of feeling things.
- HERBERT SPENCER. Sociology is a science that investigates the arrangements and processes of social life as a whole / a system.
- RAOUCEK & WARREN. Sociology is the study of the relationship between humans in social groups
- SELO SOEMARDJAN & SOELAEMAN SOEMARDI Sociology or social science is the study of social structures and social processes, including social changes
B. The Nature of Sociology (Soerjono Soekanto, 2010)
- Sociology is a social science
- Sociology is not a normative discipline, but a categorical one. Sociology limits itself to what happens, not what ought to be
- Sociology is a pure science, not an applied science
- Sociology aims to produce general understandings and patterns of interaction between human beings, as well as the nature, form, content and structure of human society
- Sociology is an empirical and rational science
- Sociology is a general science (studying the general phenomena in every interaction between humans
C. Objects of Sociology (Soerjono Soekanto, 2001)
The object of Sociology is society, which is seen from the point of view of human relations and the processes that arise from human relations in society
D. Society (Soerjono Soekanto, 2001)
Mac Iver and Pages:
Society is a system of customs and procedures, of authority and cooperation between various groups and classifications, and of controlling human behavior and freedom.
Ralph Linton :
Society is any group of people who have lived and worked together long enough, so that they can organize themselves, and consider themselves and consider themselves as a social unit with clearly defined boundaries.
Selo Soemardjan:
Society is people who live together, and produce culture
General :
Society has several elements:
- Humans living together
- Interacted for quite a long time, resulting in a communication system and norms to regulate human relations
- The awareness that they are a unit or that each feels as a member
- They are a system of living together and giving rise to culture
Society has basic components:
- Population or citizens
- Culture
- The result of material culture
Social organization :
- Individual community members
- Roles
- Social Groups
- Social Classes
An institution or value system
E. Basic Concepts
E.1. Social Process and Social Interaction
Social Process is
- The ways of relating that are seen when individuals and social groups meet each other and determine the systems and forms of these relationships, or
- What will happen if there are changes that cause the existing patterns of life to be shaken, or
- The reciprocal influence between various aspects of living together, for example the influence between social and political aspects, politics and economics, economics and law, etc.
E.2. Social interaction
- Social interaction is the basis of social processes
- Social interaction is the key to all social life. Without social interaction there will be no life together
- Social interaction is the main condition for the occurrence of social activities.
- Social interaction occurs when a person is aware of the existence of another party/person that causes changes in the feelings and nerves of the person concerned due to the presence of the other person.
- Social interaction can occur between
Individual – individual
Social transformation
Social change is experienced by every society, which basically cannot be separated from changes in the culture of the community concerned.
Social change can cover all aspects of people's lives, namely changes in the way of thinking and interaction among citizens to become more rational; changes in attitude and orientation of economic life to become more commercial; changes in daily work procedures which are increasingly marked by a sharper division of labor in specialization of activities; Changes in the institutions and leadership of an increasingly democratic society; changes in the methods and tools of activities that are more modern and efficient, and so on.
From some of the opinions of social scientists quoted, they can synchronize their opinions about social change, which is a process of change, modification, or adjustments that occur in people's lifestyles, which include cultural values, behavior patterns of community groups, relationships socio-economic, as well as community institutions, both in the material and non-material aspects of life